Post by Andrei Tchentchik on Mar 27, 2020 10:32:55 GMT 2
(.#397).- 5 Types classes of ET's Civilizations: An Amazing Classification !
5 Types of ET's Civilizations: An Amazing Classification !
March 5, 2019
Written by The Mysteries of UFOs
It is often said that UFO demonstrations and the behavior of their occupants are absurd. It is said that it is impossible to understand and we reject the extraterrestrial hypothesis. What we forget all too often is that we can not understand civilizations ahead of us and that can be millions of years older. Their knowledge, their mastery of the material and their technology go beyond human comprehension. They would be for us gods or higher spirits capable of all the wonders. It is therefore not surprising that we do not understand the motivations, the coherence of the UFO phenomenon in this light.
Circa, a group of wheel-shaped spatial colonies.
Illustration of NASA / Ames Research Center, 1976.
What is a civilization?
The term civilization can have several meanings. In a general way the word civilization can have 3 different meanings. The first is common language and the term civilization is associated with a value judgment. In this sense, civilization is opposed to barbarism, civilized man is the opposite of the wild man. The second meaning defines civilization as an aspect of social life, or as the set of social phenomena represented by religion, morality, art, science, and technology. Finally, the word civilization applies to a set of peoples or organized societies that occupy an identifiable geographical area and whose existence unfolds over time. Thus, beside "civilization" which represents a high degree of evolution. There are many civilizations that have their own characteristics and occupy a specific place in the history of humanity (examples: Greek civilization, Chinese civilization, Egyptian civilization, etc ...). In our attempt to classify civilizations the examples of terrestrial civilization that we give above (which have succeeded each other on the surface of our planet for millennia) represent the Type 0 of civilization.
We now know that civilizations are born, grow, grow old, and die. And as Valery rightly said, "we civilizations, we now know that we are mortal". However, at the beginning of the 20th century, we are witnessing a phenomenon that has occurred only once in the history of humanity: civilization is becoming planetary. Beyond local peculiarities, a new form of civilization is on the verge of extinction for all peoples of the Earth. Whether we agree or not with the values conveyed by this civilization will change nothing, because the coming century will see may be born a global human civilization whose expansion area will be the entire Earth. We would be tempted to add to weight our point, that we will see the birth of this planetary civilization on the condition that we succeed in overcoming the perils that threaten our survival, and that we find the true meaning of the word civilization. There is indeed much talk today of globalization and globalization, but these terms still refer to a nascent trend based primarily on economic and financial exchanges. It is not only on the flow of goods and capital that we build a civilization worthy of the name. A planetary civilization must also embody spiritual, moral, cultural, social values, otherwise it is not a civilization but simply a group of economic interests, a lobby organized on a global scale. The material achievements of a civilization are certainly important, but one must also take into account its "immaterial" achievements which are essential, if not even vital. What we must realize in the end is that what we clumsyly call the "immaterial" achievements of a civilization, in fact, represent the very foundations of all civilization. The true global civilization we are talking about does not exist yet. It is, at best, only in its infancy, and there is no certainty as to its future. Will we manage to overcome what we might call the "infantile diseases" of the planetary civilization? Nothing is less sure.
The problem is easy to ask: can a technological civilization such as that currently developing on our planet hope for a long life, or should its very nature lead to its disappearance after a few centuries? Some will say that since we do not have other examples of technological civilizations similar to ours in order to get an idea of how they evolve over time, we can not provide a serious answer to this question. The most pessimistic will even tend to say that as any civilization is mortal, and the history of humanity offers many examples in this respect to support this point of view, our planetary civilization will surely die one day. But are we sure not to have other examples of advanced technological civilization within our reach? If we admit that the UFO phenomenon is indeed the manifestation in our environment of a highly evolved technological civilization (see the extraterrestrial hypothesis exposed on this site), then we have here an example (which is before our eyes) which proves that the The fate of a technological civilization is perhaps not as dark as that presented by the pessimists. In a way, UFOs prove that the crises inherent in the development of technological civilizations can be overcome. The question then is: how did the civilization (or civilizations) responsible for the UFO phenomenon do to solve these crises?
Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev and American physicist Freeman Dyson established a classification of technologically advanced civilizations with 3 types (Type I, Type II, Type III). This classification system is based solely on the criterion of available energy resources. According to this system, any advanced civilization will find only 3 sources of energy at its disposal: its planet, its star, its galaxy. Let us not forget, however, that this is primarily an attempt or attempt to classify civilizations, but we are not at all sure that this system is really true to reality. We still resume this classification by adding civilizations type IV and V. We will also ask the question in which category (s) of civilization between the UFO phenomenon.
Freeman Dyson
Freeman Dyson in 2005
Freeman J. Dyson, born at Crowthorne, Berkshire, December 15, 1923, is an American theoretical physicist of English origin. In particular, he contributed to the foundations of quantum electrodynamics in 1948.
He studied at the University of Cambridge between 1941 and 1943. Between 1943 and 1945, during the Second World War. He serves his country in a research center of the Royal Air Force. He graduated from Cambridge in 1945 and was appointed to Trinity College in 1946. He then obtained a Commonwealth Scholarship and moved to the United States in 1947 at Cornell University and the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). of Princeton. He returned to England between 1949 and 1951 at the University of Birmingham. He was then appointed full professor at Cornell, where he remained from 1951 to 1953. He settled in 1953 as a permanent professor at Princeton's IAS until he retired in 1994. He was naturalized as an American citizen in 1957.
He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1952, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1964, and a foreign associate member of the French Academy of Sciences on April 24, 1989.
During his career, he won numerous awards, including the following :
Danny Heineman Prize, American Institute of Physics (1965).
Oersted Medal awarded by the American Association of Physics Teachers (1991).
Enrico Fermi Award by the US Department of Energy (1995).
Freeman Dyson and the '' Dysonspheres '':
The physicist Freeman Dyson suggested in the early 1960s that an advanced civilization establishes a large shell around its star. Such a shell, now called a "Dyson sphere," would absorb the energy of the star for the use of civilization. Stars showing the possibility of such features have been detected.
SPHERES OF DYSON :
Freeman Dyson is an English-born, American-born physicist who has become a kind of guru for his science fiction fans, due to the surprisingly bold but relevant nature of his math-based speculations about the nature of our science fiction universe and possibilities of extraterrestrial life. In addition, Dyson was wise enough to publish his conjunctures in serious scientific journals, where they reached an audience that would have been put off and would have refused any debate if they had appeared first in popular or science fiction magazines.
In 1959, in a succinct report published in '' The Search for Sources of Artificial Infrared Radiation in the Stars '', Dyson immediately created the enthusiasm of speculative fiction enthusiasts with this new idea: if there are technological companies on other planetary systems, so they would use more and more energy each year as they evolve, just like us. Even a modest annual growth rate of 1% in energy consumption, well below our own doubling of energy consumption each decade, would lead to an increase of an exponent of 1012 (1000 billion) in just 3000 years .
Dyson had this idea before Kardashev established his terminology, but he spoke clearly of the transition from a civilization of phase (I), to a civilization of phase
(II). The Earth's resources could not support a growth rate that would be even a tiny fraction of that mentioned. The only way that such growth could be sustained would be to use all the energy of the sun, and the only way to capture all this energy, suggests Dyson, would be to build a sphere around her.
An idea stemming from speculative fiction :
The notion of such a giant sphere was first coined by the writer Olaf Stapleton in his science fiction novel '' Star Makers '':
"Each star system was surrounded by a series of light light traps, which focus the energy of the star for intelligent use."
However, such light traps are now dubbed '' Dyson Spheres '' ('' Dysonspheres '') by science fiction fans. If such a sphere were built in ours, it would probably be so that its radius is identical to the current distance from the Earth to the Sun. We would live on the inner surface of the sphere, facing the sun. It would always be noon. There would be disadvantages. First of all, there would be no gravity unless we artificially spin the sphere, but that would limit the comfortably habitable zone to a belt around its equator. Unless perhaps, until then, we know how to directly produce controlled gravity. There would be room in abundance. The surface of the interior of the sphere would be approximately 1 billion times that of the Earth.
Speculators have said that raw materials are at our disposal: we could start by using asteroids, and later Mars even Jupiter. Only Jupiter would give us enough mass to give a thickness of 3 meters to this sphere. We can hardly conceive of such a plan in terms of our current technology, but it could be very different in the very distant future where energies, about 1000 billion times larger than what we know nowadays will be employed.
In practice, the idea of an uninterrupted sphere probably would not work. Its rigidity itself would subject it to immense stress that would probably tear it to pieces. But we do not need to consider a continuous and rigid sphere. A viable compromise would be to establish a spherical shell of different small worlds, perhaps 1 million of them, each orbiting independently. A lot of sunlight would leak between these structures, but we would still capture a huge amount of energy. The heat lost, as on Earth, would largely take the form of infrared radiation, and would be free to escape far from the shell. She would escape, and this is a point that Dyson emphasizes, it follows that if we were looking for intelligent life elsewhere in the Galaxy, we should try to take a look at the objects radiating in the infrared. From the outside, visually, a Dysonsphere sphere would resemble him according to him a faintly luminous and giant red star. And it would emit too much infrared radiations.
STARS WITH EXCESS INFRAREDS :
So, did we detect a star that would emit excess of infrared, and could we - I mean, could we - see there a connection with the idea of Dyson?
Here is an excerpt from a publication of the American Astronomical Society :
Session 47 - Circumstellar Disks & Shells.
Display session, Thursday, January 2008.
Exhibit Hall,
(47,07) New Emission-Line Stars with Infrared Excesses.
C. L. Mullis, A. S. Miroshnichenko, K. S. Bjorkman, N. D. Morrison (U. Toledo)
We present the results of the high-resolution spectroscopic observations of four old type B, with large far infrared fares (HD 4881, HD 5839, HD 22448, and HD 179218) obtained with the 1-meter telescope of the Ritter Observatory, in a spectral range of 5300 - 6700 Å Halpha, double peaks of emission lines are detected in HD 4881 and HD 5839, while HD 224648 shows no emissions in Halpha. Remarkable variations in the profile of Halpha lines are also seen in HD 179218 as in some of Herbig Ae / Be's classic star profiles. Parallaxes measured by the HIPPARCOS satellite were used to determine the positions of the stars in the HR chart. The 2 old stars are located almost 1m above the main sequence and are probably a new star. HD 224648, having a small excess in the near infrared, is probably a young star in main sequence. HD 179218, which shows the greatest excess in the near-infrared and loingtain of the 4 stars, is probably a star in pre-Herbig Be sequence. This star does not belong to any known region of star formation, but it shows a compact nebula that is similar to that of young stars isolated from intermediate mass.
Therefore, HB179218 has the largest infrared excess of a star group, and shows a compact nebula. If it is natural, it explains the excess of infrared, being heated by the star.
But if someone told us that '' no sphere of Dyson has ever been detected '', we will now have to answer: '' is it so safe? ''. SETI seems to have searched for Dyson spheres and did not find what might fit their criteria, it seems. But, there has been no truly complete search for Dyson Spheres.
Yet, disturbing news is published without the reconciliation being done.
Unfortunately, SETI's astronomers and researchers continue to look for signs of life assuming human perspectives, ie, on visible stars, radio-based communications directed toward us, rather than bounded perspectives. laws of physics. Only all-sky searches with long exposure times in the infrared ranges are likely to detect low-temperature Dyson spheres. It should be remembered that the Type II civilizations, the more advanced, would have less energy losses, hence low-temperature Dysonspheres. Unfortunately, even expensive telescopes, such as the SIRTF, which will not be available until 2002, have detectors for these wavelengths, typically, Si: As, Ge: Ga and Ge: Ga, subject to always very primitive constraints . It is doubtful that even very advanced telescopes, still in planning, would have the capabilities required to provide definitive evidence for or against these objects.
Discoveries in 2006
In March 2006, several scientific teams examining Cepheids, giant stars outside our own galaxy that pulsate every few days, found 3 of them surrounded by a layer of fairly luminous material, a "cocoon". A team led by Antoine Mérand of the Paris Observatory and the CHARA Network at Mount Wilson Observatory in California found similar cocoons around the North Star and Delta Cephei. Pierre Kervella of the Observatoire de Paris, who is the main author of the report on these discoveries in the Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, found such an envelope around L Carinae, the brightest Cepheid in the sky, 180 times more great as the sun, while one of these wrapped stars is 400 times brighter than the sun.
These cocoons are about 2 to 3 times larger than the stars and about 4% as bright, which is very bright considering that these pulsating stars are themselves incredibly radiant.
Previously, astronomers had found clues that some Cepheids have envelopes, including a star called '' RS Rup ''. But now, after examining more Cepheids, it turns out that this is not a rare phenomenon.
Astronomers are quite confused by this discovery. They would have thought these cocoons would burn. Currently, they have no explanation for the phenomenon. None of them seems to have suggested the hypothetical spheres of Dysonspheres, and there is no evidence that these cocoons are spheres of Dyson, however, until a certain theory can explain the phenomenon, I thought it is worth mentioning this discovery here.
REFERENCES :
Dyson. F. J. (reference). 'Shells Around Suns May Have Been Built', from Science News Letters (June 18, 1960). P. 389.
Dyson. F. J., 'Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation'. Science 131: 1667-1668 (June 3, 1960).
Dyson. F. J., '' Letters and Reponse '' from Science. 132: 250-253 (July 22, 1960).
Kardashev. N. S., '' Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations ''. Soviet Astronomy 8 (2): 217-220 (1964) (Translated from Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 41 (2): 282-287 (March-April, 1964).
Kardashev. N. S., Zhuravlev. V. I., SETI in Russia, paper presented at the IAA / COSPAR / IAF / NASA / AIAA Symposium on SETI. '' A new Endeavor for Humankind ''. The World Space Congress, Washington. D.C., August 30, 1992. To appear in a special issue of Acta Astronautica.
Jugaku, J., Noguchi. K., Nishimura. S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood '', pp 381-385 in Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Bioastronomy, Santa Cruz. CA, USA. August 16-20, 1993. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA. Conference Series Vol. 74, 1995. G. Seth Shostak (ed.).
Jugaku. J., Nishimura. S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood II ''. Pp. 707-709 in Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bioastronomy IAU Coloquium No. 161. Capri, July 1-5, 1996. Cosmovici, C. B., Bower. S. Werthimer. D. (eds.) Publisher Compositori, Bologna, January, 1997, ISBN: 8877940921.
Jugaku, J., Nishimura, S., "A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood III," 6th Bioastronomy Meeting, Kohala Coast Hawaii, August 2-6, 1999. (ABSTRACT)
Jugaku, J., Nishimura, S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Strars in the IRAS Catalog '', pp. 295-298 in Bioastronomy. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life - The Broadens Exploration. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Bioastronomy, Val Cenis, Savoie, France. June 18-23 1990. Heidmann, J. & Klein. M.J. (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
Slysh, V.I., '' Research in the Infrared to Microwave for Astro-Engineering Activity, in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments '', M. D. Papagiannis (Editor), Reidel Pub. Co., Boston, Massachusetts, 1985.
ufologie.net/htm/dysonsphereref.htm
Scale of Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev
Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev (born April 25, 1932) is a Russian radio astronomer, famous for his Kardashev Ladder. which classifies the civilizations of the universe according to their energy consumption. This one, presented in 1964 at the Byurakan conference (Armenia), has since passed to posterity. His radioastronomy activity led him to listen, with his colleague Iosef Shklovski, very large portions of the universe using multidirectional antennas, looking for a signal or a leak emanating from a extraterrestrial civilization. In April 1965, he even thought he had intercepted such a signal, but it was actually a quasar, as Maarten Schmidt had interpreted a few days earlier.
Use and examples
Human civilization is of Type (0), somewhere under Type (I), since it uses only a fraction of the total energy available on Earth. Whereas the Kardashev scale did not have intermediate levels. Carl Sagan defined it by interpolation and extrapolation of the initial types, and he calculated that that of the current human civilization should be 0.7 by evaluating the power consumed at about 10 Tera / Watt by the formula :
Or '' K '' represents the level of civilization of Kardashev and '' W '' the power consumed in Watts. We write the whole part in Roman numerals and the fractional part in decimal.
To reach Type (I) on Earth, one possibility would be to massively use the thermal energy of the oceans, wind turbines, tidal energy to extract the solar energy received by the oceans. Unfortunately, no method known to date can collect all of this available energy without completely covering the earth's surface of artificial structures. Given the way of life of humans, it still seems unachievable in the near future. We are already collecting terrestrial energy through ecological resources, which can be more sustainable and efficient than our technology. If we give up completely replacing natural resources with synthetic substitutes. It is possible to achieve a Type (I) civilization by optimizing the entire terrestrial ecosystem for maximum yield.
A hypothetical Type II civilization could construct a Dyson sphere, or similar structure, to intercept any energy emitted by a star, or even more exotic, feed a stellar black hole to extract it from energy usable, or finally occupy several solar systems and take a fraction of the energy of each star. A civilization of Type (III) would use the same methods, applied to all the stars of one or more galaxies or methods unknown today.
For Kardashev, the Terrans were not able in 1964 to intercept a leak emanating from a type (III) civilization, in the form of radio waves or laser beams. In April of the following year, in 1965, Kardashev believed to have intercepted one of these signals in the CTA 102 radiogalaxy, and the Tass agency even published a sensational statement stating a message whose "origin extraterrestrial is verified and no doubt ". Kardashev has it for his expenses, a Dutch astronomer (Maarten Schmidt) having identified a few days earlier the signal as the emission of a quasar. Since then, the persistent silence of the universe, or at least the absence of a signal or a flight from such civilizations, will lead Iosef Shklovski (Russian radio astronomer, collaborator of Kardashev) to conclude the suicide required of a civilization of Type (III), statement to be compared to the Fermi Paradox.
The galactic Empire commonly encountered in many space opera works provides an easily recognizable example of a fictional civilization likely to reach Type (III). These civilizations consume energy on a gigantic scale, lying between Type (II) and Type (III).
Theological Perspectives
If we consider the Kardashev scale as a predictive or even normative schema of an expected technological future, rather than a mere scale of energy consumption, it becomes theological and predicts a '' end of history ''. ''. Viewed as a description of the past and future of human history, it could be compared to the Marxist theory of modes of production which also includes propositions on the interactions between technology and social structures, although on a shorter period.
Implications for civilizations
There are many historical examples of civilizations undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the Renaissance. Likewise, transitions between levels of the Kardashev scale are likely to represent troubled periods of social upheaval, since they involve overcoming the obstacle of limiting the resources available in the territory occupied by a civilization. Current speculation suggests that the transition from Type (0) to Type (I) carries a high risk of self-destruction since living space occupies the entire home planet. The Malthusian catastrophe is an example of such speculation.
Some authors have pointed out that a period of great upheaval could be the beginning of an ascent to a Type (I) civilization.
Hypothetical extrapolations
The exponential progression of this scale encourages the extrapolation of more advanced types of civilization. For example :
Type IV : Civilization controls all the energy of a galactic super-cluster (approximately 1046 W).
Type V : The available energy is that of all the visible Universe: approximately
1056 W. Such a civilization goes beyond the scientific understanding and seems quite utopian. The civilization described in Frank J. Tipler's Point Omega is likely to be at this level.
Imaginary projections
They are mostly found in science fiction and are not "officially" established, and therefore different, according to the authors. Here are some examples:
Type VI : The energy level of several added universes is about 1066 W, in continuation of the lower levels. Such a civilization could manipulate and alter the laws of physics on each of the multiple universes.
This civilization could abandon a dying universe and become eternal: less advanced civilizations would also have the possibility.
Type VII : Deity able to create universes at will, and to use them as energy source. Their energetic power is virtually infinite, only limited by the number and size of the universe created and would rise to the vertiginous height of 1076 or even 10100 W. This type of civilization would likely be immortal because the creation of universes requires that the civilization is external to the created universes.
Isaac Asimov's science-fiction novel '' The Last Question '' features an example of a Type VII entity.
Hypothetical futures
The science-fiction at the origin of these imaginary projections also offers us indications of the hypothetical future changes corresponding to the fractional values of the Kardashev scale. Here is a possible future, whose proposals are based on scientific literature. Nikolai Kardashev's article on the inevitable and possible structures of super-civilizations, where he states that increasing energy consumption leads to technological progression, diminished cohesion and a fluctuation in the probability of survival and contact, is an explanation of this section. The articles Cosmology, Civilization and Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations also mention these civilizations and their transformation. Most of these explanations can be found in '' Energy and Culture '', which elaborates on the content of this article in more detail. It is devoted to the theoretical aspect of the evolutionary trends of more advanced civilizations with a description of each of the types. This section follows the original diagram without quoting it word for word.
Relations with sociology and anthropology
Kardashev's theory can be considered as the extension of other social theories and particularly that of social evolutionism. She is close to the theory of Leslie White, author of 'The Evolution of Culture': The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome (1959). White attempted to build an explanatory theory of the entire history of humanity. Technology is the overriding factor in this theory: "Technological advances determine social organization," writes White, echoing Lewis Henry Morgan's earlier thesis. He proposes as a measure of the level of progress of a society, the measure of its energy consumption (which gave it its name of energetic theory of the evolution of cultures). He distinguished 5 stages of development of humanity. In the first, men use their only muscular energy. In the second, they use domestic animals. In the third (which White calls "agricultural revolution"). They use the energy of plant biomass. In the fourth, they learn to extract fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Finally, in the fifth stage, they use nuclear energy. White introduced the formula: '' P = ExT, where '' E '' is the energy consumed, and '' T '' a coefficient depending on the efficiency of the techniques using this energy.
Nikolai Kardashev and the classification of extraterrestrial civilizations :
a) The planetary civilizations of Type ( I ).
Michio Kaku quotes Dyson who estimates that the Earth will lead to a Type I civilization around 2200, based on an extrapolation of the current rate of growth of the planet's energy consumption.
A Type I civilization is defined as a civilization that has mastered all the forms of energy of its reference mother planet which is the planet of origin of civilization (for us the Earth). A Type I civilization is theoretically capable of modifying the climate, exploiting the resources of all oceans at will, or extracting energy from the nucleus (where high temperatures prevail) from its home planet. Its energy needs are so great that this civilization is under the obligation to rationally and systematically exploit all the potential resources of its mother planet. Managing and exploiting the resources of a whole planet implies high cooperation among the members of that society. Such a high level of cooperation among the members of a planetary civilization requires the establishment of a highly sophisticated global communication system (such as the Internet).
The Type (I) of civilization is characterized by :
- The establishment of development programs on a global scale. These global programs are initiated and executed by international organizations.
- The globalization of economic exchanges (food, medicines, consumer goods, capital). Complete eradication of corruption networks (like the various mafias for example). Abolition of totalitarian political regimes. Suppression of all forms of fanaticism, whether religious, political, nationalistic, communitarian, ethnic. Elimination of any activity that could harm the general interest of civilization. Wars must be nothing but bad memories of the tumultuous childhood of the planetary civilization.
- Rigorous international management of the environment and available natural resources.
- Seamless cooperation from all members of this vast building. Cooperation which supposes the respect of certain spiritual and moral values, and the realization of a true civilization with the development of its material and "immaterial" dimensions.
A Type I civilization is theoretically capable of visiting all the planets of its star system. She has a good knowledge of the universe outside her system, but has not managed to explore it with Manned Ships. UFOs do not come from a Type I civilization. According to Freeman Dyson (see his book: The Disturbances of the Universe). "A Type I civilization is undetectable at interstellar distances, if not by the emission of radio waves. Our only chance of discovering a Type I civilization is to follow the advice of Cocconi and Morrison and seek to capture radio messages. This method of research has been followed by our radio astronomers for 20 years. Let us not forget that Dyson places itself in the context of the SETI Program, which has assigned itself as a mission, the detection of signals capable of revealing the existence of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization. The work of physicists Philip Morrison and Guiseppe Cocconi are at the origin of the SETI program. The story of this program begins on September 19, 1959 with the publication in the scientific journal "Nature" of an article signed by the two physicists. In this groundbreaking article, they propose to listen to technologically advanced civilizations using the frequency of 1420 MHz which is none other than that of hydrogen, the most abundant element in our Universe. Even today, most of the SETI program plays are around 1420 MHz, which is also the 21-centimeter line in wavelengths. So far, no Type I civilization has been detected by radio listening.
b) Stellar civilizations of Type (II).
According to Kaku, Kardashev planned the development of such a civilization for the year 5200.
Type II civilizations are theoretically capable of controlling the energy of their reference star (for us the Sun). The energy needs of this type of civilization are so great that the energy available on the mother planet of reference (for us the Earth) is no longer sufficient. To survive, these civilizations must exploit the resources provided by their star. Dyson imagined that civilizations at this level would surely be able to build giant spheres surrounding their central star and domesticate in this way the energy emitted by the star. In fact, it would be very difficult technically to build a complete sphere around the sun that would be able to trap all the energy emitted by our star. This sphere would look like an immense rigid and hollow shell that would absorb the energy released by the star. The problem is that it is almost impossible to avoid a collapse of the sphere at the poles where the weight of the structure is not compensated by the centrifugal force. Rather than a sphere, Dyson ends up considering the construction of several belts surrounding the Sun.
Another solution to capture the energy of the central star of a planetary system would consist in the deployment around this star of a very thin film of plastic covered with aluminum in the shape of a balloon. The aluminum film would act as a mirror that would return the energy of the star to a smaller area. The lightness of the whole would make impossible the collapse of the structure to the poles and the cost of its construction would be very reduced. The amount of materials used to build the balloon would of course depend on its distance from the Sun. If we choose, for example, a distance equal to 300 million kilometers, a little beyond the orbit of Mars, we end up with a mass of materials equal to only 3% of that of the Moon. For the construction of a "classical" Dyson sphere, that is to say having the shape of a rigid shell, one would have to use all the matter of a giant planet like Jupiter. The spheres of Dyson, or "Dysonspheres" are kinds of light traps whose energy is then channeled for the needs of the Type II civilization. Dyson's idea of light traps is particularly daring and has largely fueled science fiction literature, but there is no evidence that a Type II civilization could have built such a vast structure. Dyson himself acknowledges that none of these civilizations had been detected yet. According to his theory, a Type II civilization, which exploits the total energy output of a star, would necessarily leave a large fraction of this energy in the form of heat, ie in the form of infrared radiation. easily observable from Earth. Any type II civilization is therefore theoretically a source of infrared radiation of power comparable to the brightness of a star. Unfortunately, today astronomers working in the infrared have not found radiation sources that are thought to be artificial objects.
Freeman Dyson
As far as the area of expansion of these civilizations is concerned, there is nothing to prevent us from thinking that they have begun to colonize all the star systems neighboring their star. Moreover, admitting that the UFO phenomenon is explicable by the extraterrestrial hypothesis. It follows logically from this assumption that UFOs may be gear driven by the representatives of a Type II civilization. It is also highly probable that these Type II civilizations encountered, during their quest for new cosmic horizons, representatives of a Type III civilization.
c) Galactic civilizations of Type (III).
According to Kaku, Kardashev foresaw the development of this type of civilization for the year 7800.
Galactic civilizations are theoretically able to exploit the energy resources of all the star systems of a galaxy. This extension to other stellar systems is explained by the fact that the energy released by a single star is not sufficient to satisfy their energy needs which are gigantic. Representatives of Type (III) are able to move anywhere in their reference galaxy (for us the Milky Way). We can imagine that a civilization of this type has managed to build a kind of "Galactic Federation" grouping within it many civilizations of Type (II). How would a Federation or a Galactic Empire work? We do not have any idea for the moment. Would this Empire be in the form of a Central power exercised by a single sovereign civilization governing a community of Vassal Civilizations? Where well, will it exist in the form of a vast Federation of autonomous civilizations maintaining friendly relations without superior authority? We can only speculate on the forms that such an Empire would take, but there is nothing to prevent us from admitting at least the existence of a kind of network of civilizations spread over the entire Galaxy, the members of which would have forged deep links between them. . On the contrary, it is a hypothesis that seems very reasonable to us. In any case, a Type (III) civilization is necessarily very old, and although it is difficult to provide precise figures in this area, we can reasonably assume that it must have millions of millions of dollars behind it. years of technological evolution. Needless to say, for us, the technical achievements of such a civilization are perfectly inconceivable. A good example, in our view, of a Type III civilization imagined by science fiction is Stanley Kubrick's cult film "2001: The Odyssey of Space". We see in this film black monoliths that seem to influence the evolution of the human species. These monoliths could represent a form of extraterrestrial life, or machines, belonging to a civilization of Type (III). What is remarkable in this work of fiction is the permanent mystery surrounding black monoliths. What are they exactly? Where do they come from ? No precise answer is given, and at the end of the film, the mystery remains intact. This is exactly what we should expect if one day we meet on our way a civilization of Type (III). The only clues available to the scientists of "2001" concern the probably very important antiquity of monoliths (especially after the discovery of a specimen buried beneath the lunar surface) and the ease with which they move in space, without use visible propulsion means. The film also suggests that monoliths are able to create sorts of passages, or shortcuts, by breaking the frame of the space / time continuum, and thus move very quickly from one star system to another . In Robert Zemeckis's film "Contact", from Carl Sagan's book with the same title, humanity established a radio contact with an extraterrestrial civilization that could also be a Type III civilization. It seems, however, that the technology of black monoliths is much more advanced than that implemented by the extraterrestrial intelligence of "Contact". Paradoxically, Carl Sagan, who was very interested in extraterrestrial civilizations, did not believe in UFOs. In our view, the representatives of a Type III civilization would be perfect candidates to explain the UFO phenomenon.
d) Civilizations of galactic clusters of Type (IV).
Why stop at the Type (III) of civilization? Is this type of civilization the pinnacle of the organization of intelligent societies in the universe? Surely there are more galaxies in the universe than stars in the Milky Way, which already has 200 billion. So, could not we imagine organized societies gathering dozens, see hundreds of galaxies? If a Type (III) civilization solved the difficult problem of moving in the space / time continuum inside our Galaxy, why would not it be able to leave the Milky Way and explore the Local Group's Galaxies? ? Admittedly, the intergalactic distances are much larger than the interstellar distances (the Andromeda Galaxy, for example, is located 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way), but, if the basic principle of displacements in the The space / time continuum is the same for both short and long distances, so there is no reason to believe that such trips between galaxies are possible. After all, if we take the example of civil jet planes plying the skies of our planet in all directions, the Paris-Tokyo trip (9700 kilometers) is no more of a technical problem than a flight between Paris and Bordeaux ( 600 kilometers). If a civilization is able to travel from one end to the other of our galaxy, that is to say to cross a distance equal to 100,000 light-years, it will have to travel a distance 25 times higher to reach the Galaxy. of Andromeda (2,500,000 light-years). Is it more difficult for a possible spacecraft of a Type III civilization to go from the Milky Way to Andromeda, than for a commercial airliner to go from Paris to Tokyo, knowing that the distance Paris -Tokyo is 16 times higher than the Paris-Bordeaux distance? If the technique of interstellar space travel is as well mastered as the technique of air travel, the answer is no. We previously admit that the representatives of a Type III civilization could be at the origin of the UFO phenomenon, so, a fortiori, those of a civilization of Type (IV) can also be: who can most , can the least.
e) Universal Civilization of Type (V).
By definition, there is only one civilization of Type (V), since this civilization occupies an area as large as our Universe. For this reason, we call it "The Civilization". This unique Type (V) civilization is the ultimate type. the summit and the completion of all civilization. "Civilization" crowns all other types of civilization by its internal perfection and ultimate degree of completion. It includes all the galaxies of all galactic clusters. Some readers may smile at the statement of this proposition, and it is even possible that they dismiss scornfully the idea of a Type (V) of civilization. If for these readers, the existence of a galactic civilization of Type (III) is a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, and if they pass again, not without some reticence, on the more problematic reality of a civilization of clusters. Galactic type (IV), to consider that there could exist a single civilization that colonized the Universe as a whole is an assumption that they can not surely accept. We readily admit that we are here in the field of pure speculation and that the hypothesis of the existence of a Type (V) civilization is completely insane. But if we continue to the end the logic of our attempt to classify civilizations, we must arrive at an extreme point in this ranking. If we think that Type (0) represents the lowest degree in the evolutionary scale of civilizations, there is nothing to prevent us from assuming that at the other end of this scale there is an ultimate type. In this case, the Type (V) is only the highest degree of evolution on this scale. As in any graduation system, it is necessary to consider a higher degree which theoretically can not be exceeded. " The civilization. "May not exist, but we can still try to imagine it. If there are beings who are the representatives of this type of civilization, we will assume that there is nothing above them in the Universe. These beings perfectly master space and time, matter and energy. They have technology that brings us magic or miraculous powers. They are almost supernatural beings, gods, fabulous creatures, omniscient and omnipotent. At this level, however, we humbly admit that we are totally unable to imagine what these creatures may look like, let alone how they live, move, and think. Moreover, it is unlikely that the UFO phenomenon belongs to this type of civilization.
Sources :
ovniinvestigation.free.fr/Classification.htm
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Kardashev
F I N .
5 Types of ET's Civilizations: An Amazing Classification !
March 5, 2019
Written by The Mysteries of UFOs
It is often said that UFO demonstrations and the behavior of their occupants are absurd. It is said that it is impossible to understand and we reject the extraterrestrial hypothesis. What we forget all too often is that we can not understand civilizations ahead of us and that can be millions of years older. Their knowledge, their mastery of the material and their technology go beyond human comprehension. They would be for us gods or higher spirits capable of all the wonders. It is therefore not surprising that we do not understand the motivations, the coherence of the UFO phenomenon in this light.
Circa, a group of wheel-shaped spatial colonies.
Illustration of NASA / Ames Research Center, 1976.
What is a civilization?
The term civilization can have several meanings. In a general way the word civilization can have 3 different meanings. The first is common language and the term civilization is associated with a value judgment. In this sense, civilization is opposed to barbarism, civilized man is the opposite of the wild man. The second meaning defines civilization as an aspect of social life, or as the set of social phenomena represented by religion, morality, art, science, and technology. Finally, the word civilization applies to a set of peoples or organized societies that occupy an identifiable geographical area and whose existence unfolds over time. Thus, beside "civilization" which represents a high degree of evolution. There are many civilizations that have their own characteristics and occupy a specific place in the history of humanity (examples: Greek civilization, Chinese civilization, Egyptian civilization, etc ...). In our attempt to classify civilizations the examples of terrestrial civilization that we give above (which have succeeded each other on the surface of our planet for millennia) represent the Type 0 of civilization.
We now know that civilizations are born, grow, grow old, and die. And as Valery rightly said, "we civilizations, we now know that we are mortal". However, at the beginning of the 20th century, we are witnessing a phenomenon that has occurred only once in the history of humanity: civilization is becoming planetary. Beyond local peculiarities, a new form of civilization is on the verge of extinction for all peoples of the Earth. Whether we agree or not with the values conveyed by this civilization will change nothing, because the coming century will see may be born a global human civilization whose expansion area will be the entire Earth. We would be tempted to add to weight our point, that we will see the birth of this planetary civilization on the condition that we succeed in overcoming the perils that threaten our survival, and that we find the true meaning of the word civilization. There is indeed much talk today of globalization and globalization, but these terms still refer to a nascent trend based primarily on economic and financial exchanges. It is not only on the flow of goods and capital that we build a civilization worthy of the name. A planetary civilization must also embody spiritual, moral, cultural, social values, otherwise it is not a civilization but simply a group of economic interests, a lobby organized on a global scale. The material achievements of a civilization are certainly important, but one must also take into account its "immaterial" achievements which are essential, if not even vital. What we must realize in the end is that what we clumsyly call the "immaterial" achievements of a civilization, in fact, represent the very foundations of all civilization. The true global civilization we are talking about does not exist yet. It is, at best, only in its infancy, and there is no certainty as to its future. Will we manage to overcome what we might call the "infantile diseases" of the planetary civilization? Nothing is less sure.
The problem is easy to ask: can a technological civilization such as that currently developing on our planet hope for a long life, or should its very nature lead to its disappearance after a few centuries? Some will say that since we do not have other examples of technological civilizations similar to ours in order to get an idea of how they evolve over time, we can not provide a serious answer to this question. The most pessimistic will even tend to say that as any civilization is mortal, and the history of humanity offers many examples in this respect to support this point of view, our planetary civilization will surely die one day. But are we sure not to have other examples of advanced technological civilization within our reach? If we admit that the UFO phenomenon is indeed the manifestation in our environment of a highly evolved technological civilization (see the extraterrestrial hypothesis exposed on this site), then we have here an example (which is before our eyes) which proves that the The fate of a technological civilization is perhaps not as dark as that presented by the pessimists. In a way, UFOs prove that the crises inherent in the development of technological civilizations can be overcome. The question then is: how did the civilization (or civilizations) responsible for the UFO phenomenon do to solve these crises?
Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev and American physicist Freeman Dyson established a classification of technologically advanced civilizations with 3 types (Type I, Type II, Type III). This classification system is based solely on the criterion of available energy resources. According to this system, any advanced civilization will find only 3 sources of energy at its disposal: its planet, its star, its galaxy. Let us not forget, however, that this is primarily an attempt or attempt to classify civilizations, but we are not at all sure that this system is really true to reality. We still resume this classification by adding civilizations type IV and V. We will also ask the question in which category (s) of civilization between the UFO phenomenon.
Freeman Dyson
Freeman Dyson in 2005
Freeman J. Dyson, born at Crowthorne, Berkshire, December 15, 1923, is an American theoretical physicist of English origin. In particular, he contributed to the foundations of quantum electrodynamics in 1948.
He studied at the University of Cambridge between 1941 and 1943. Between 1943 and 1945, during the Second World War. He serves his country in a research center of the Royal Air Force. He graduated from Cambridge in 1945 and was appointed to Trinity College in 1946. He then obtained a Commonwealth Scholarship and moved to the United States in 1947 at Cornell University and the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). of Princeton. He returned to England between 1949 and 1951 at the University of Birmingham. He was then appointed full professor at Cornell, where he remained from 1951 to 1953. He settled in 1953 as a permanent professor at Princeton's IAS until he retired in 1994. He was naturalized as an American citizen in 1957.
He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1952, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1964, and a foreign associate member of the French Academy of Sciences on April 24, 1989.
During his career, he won numerous awards, including the following :
Danny Heineman Prize, American Institute of Physics (1965).
Oersted Medal awarded by the American Association of Physics Teachers (1991).
Enrico Fermi Award by the US Department of Energy (1995).
Freeman Dyson and the '' Dysonspheres '':
The physicist Freeman Dyson suggested in the early 1960s that an advanced civilization establishes a large shell around its star. Such a shell, now called a "Dyson sphere," would absorb the energy of the star for the use of civilization. Stars showing the possibility of such features have been detected.
SPHERES OF DYSON :
Freeman Dyson is an English-born, American-born physicist who has become a kind of guru for his science fiction fans, due to the surprisingly bold but relevant nature of his math-based speculations about the nature of our science fiction universe and possibilities of extraterrestrial life. In addition, Dyson was wise enough to publish his conjunctures in serious scientific journals, where they reached an audience that would have been put off and would have refused any debate if they had appeared first in popular or science fiction magazines.
In 1959, in a succinct report published in '' The Search for Sources of Artificial Infrared Radiation in the Stars '', Dyson immediately created the enthusiasm of speculative fiction enthusiasts with this new idea: if there are technological companies on other planetary systems, so they would use more and more energy each year as they evolve, just like us. Even a modest annual growth rate of 1% in energy consumption, well below our own doubling of energy consumption each decade, would lead to an increase of an exponent of 1012 (1000 billion) in just 3000 years .
Dyson had this idea before Kardashev established his terminology, but he spoke clearly of the transition from a civilization of phase (I), to a civilization of phase
(II). The Earth's resources could not support a growth rate that would be even a tiny fraction of that mentioned. The only way that such growth could be sustained would be to use all the energy of the sun, and the only way to capture all this energy, suggests Dyson, would be to build a sphere around her.
An idea stemming from speculative fiction :
The notion of such a giant sphere was first coined by the writer Olaf Stapleton in his science fiction novel '' Star Makers '':
"Each star system was surrounded by a series of light light traps, which focus the energy of the star for intelligent use."
However, such light traps are now dubbed '' Dyson Spheres '' ('' Dysonspheres '') by science fiction fans. If such a sphere were built in ours, it would probably be so that its radius is identical to the current distance from the Earth to the Sun. We would live on the inner surface of the sphere, facing the sun. It would always be noon. There would be disadvantages. First of all, there would be no gravity unless we artificially spin the sphere, but that would limit the comfortably habitable zone to a belt around its equator. Unless perhaps, until then, we know how to directly produce controlled gravity. There would be room in abundance. The surface of the interior of the sphere would be approximately 1 billion times that of the Earth.
Speculators have said that raw materials are at our disposal: we could start by using asteroids, and later Mars even Jupiter. Only Jupiter would give us enough mass to give a thickness of 3 meters to this sphere. We can hardly conceive of such a plan in terms of our current technology, but it could be very different in the very distant future where energies, about 1000 billion times larger than what we know nowadays will be employed.
In practice, the idea of an uninterrupted sphere probably would not work. Its rigidity itself would subject it to immense stress that would probably tear it to pieces. But we do not need to consider a continuous and rigid sphere. A viable compromise would be to establish a spherical shell of different small worlds, perhaps 1 million of them, each orbiting independently. A lot of sunlight would leak between these structures, but we would still capture a huge amount of energy. The heat lost, as on Earth, would largely take the form of infrared radiation, and would be free to escape far from the shell. She would escape, and this is a point that Dyson emphasizes, it follows that if we were looking for intelligent life elsewhere in the Galaxy, we should try to take a look at the objects radiating in the infrared. From the outside, visually, a Dysonsphere sphere would resemble him according to him a faintly luminous and giant red star. And it would emit too much infrared radiations.
STARS WITH EXCESS INFRAREDS :
So, did we detect a star that would emit excess of infrared, and could we - I mean, could we - see there a connection with the idea of Dyson?
Here is an excerpt from a publication of the American Astronomical Society :
Session 47 - Circumstellar Disks & Shells.
Display session, Thursday, January 2008.
Exhibit Hall,
(47,07) New Emission-Line Stars with Infrared Excesses.
C. L. Mullis, A. S. Miroshnichenko, K. S. Bjorkman, N. D. Morrison (U. Toledo)
We present the results of the high-resolution spectroscopic observations of four old type B, with large far infrared fares (HD 4881, HD 5839, HD 22448, and HD 179218) obtained with the 1-meter telescope of the Ritter Observatory, in a spectral range of 5300 - 6700 Å Halpha, double peaks of emission lines are detected in HD 4881 and HD 5839, while HD 224648 shows no emissions in Halpha. Remarkable variations in the profile of Halpha lines are also seen in HD 179218 as in some of Herbig Ae / Be's classic star profiles. Parallaxes measured by the HIPPARCOS satellite were used to determine the positions of the stars in the HR chart. The 2 old stars are located almost 1m above the main sequence and are probably a new star. HD 224648, having a small excess in the near infrared, is probably a young star in main sequence. HD 179218, which shows the greatest excess in the near-infrared and loingtain of the 4 stars, is probably a star in pre-Herbig Be sequence. This star does not belong to any known region of star formation, but it shows a compact nebula that is similar to that of young stars isolated from intermediate mass.
Therefore, HB179218 has the largest infrared excess of a star group, and shows a compact nebula. If it is natural, it explains the excess of infrared, being heated by the star.
But if someone told us that '' no sphere of Dyson has ever been detected '', we will now have to answer: '' is it so safe? ''. SETI seems to have searched for Dyson spheres and did not find what might fit their criteria, it seems. But, there has been no truly complete search for Dyson Spheres.
Yet, disturbing news is published without the reconciliation being done.
Unfortunately, SETI's astronomers and researchers continue to look for signs of life assuming human perspectives, ie, on visible stars, radio-based communications directed toward us, rather than bounded perspectives. laws of physics. Only all-sky searches with long exposure times in the infrared ranges are likely to detect low-temperature Dyson spheres. It should be remembered that the Type II civilizations, the more advanced, would have less energy losses, hence low-temperature Dysonspheres. Unfortunately, even expensive telescopes, such as the SIRTF, which will not be available until 2002, have detectors for these wavelengths, typically, Si: As, Ge: Ga and Ge: Ga, subject to always very primitive constraints . It is doubtful that even very advanced telescopes, still in planning, would have the capabilities required to provide definitive evidence for or against these objects.
Discoveries in 2006
In March 2006, several scientific teams examining Cepheids, giant stars outside our own galaxy that pulsate every few days, found 3 of them surrounded by a layer of fairly luminous material, a "cocoon". A team led by Antoine Mérand of the Paris Observatory and the CHARA Network at Mount Wilson Observatory in California found similar cocoons around the North Star and Delta Cephei. Pierre Kervella of the Observatoire de Paris, who is the main author of the report on these discoveries in the Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, found such an envelope around L Carinae, the brightest Cepheid in the sky, 180 times more great as the sun, while one of these wrapped stars is 400 times brighter than the sun.
These cocoons are about 2 to 3 times larger than the stars and about 4% as bright, which is very bright considering that these pulsating stars are themselves incredibly radiant.
Previously, astronomers had found clues that some Cepheids have envelopes, including a star called '' RS Rup ''. But now, after examining more Cepheids, it turns out that this is not a rare phenomenon.
Astronomers are quite confused by this discovery. They would have thought these cocoons would burn. Currently, they have no explanation for the phenomenon. None of them seems to have suggested the hypothetical spheres of Dysonspheres, and there is no evidence that these cocoons are spheres of Dyson, however, until a certain theory can explain the phenomenon, I thought it is worth mentioning this discovery here.
REFERENCES :
Dyson. F. J. (reference). 'Shells Around Suns May Have Been Built', from Science News Letters (June 18, 1960). P. 389.
Dyson. F. J., 'Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation'. Science 131: 1667-1668 (June 3, 1960).
Dyson. F. J., '' Letters and Reponse '' from Science. 132: 250-253 (July 22, 1960).
Kardashev. N. S., '' Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations ''. Soviet Astronomy 8 (2): 217-220 (1964) (Translated from Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 41 (2): 282-287 (March-April, 1964).
Kardashev. N. S., Zhuravlev. V. I., SETI in Russia, paper presented at the IAA / COSPAR / IAF / NASA / AIAA Symposium on SETI. '' A new Endeavor for Humankind ''. The World Space Congress, Washington. D.C., August 30, 1992. To appear in a special issue of Acta Astronautica.
Jugaku, J., Noguchi. K., Nishimura. S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood '', pp 381-385 in Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Bioastronomy, Santa Cruz. CA, USA. August 16-20, 1993. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA. Conference Series Vol. 74, 1995. G. Seth Shostak (ed.).
Jugaku. J., Nishimura. S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood II ''. Pp. 707-709 in Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bioastronomy IAU Coloquium No. 161. Capri, July 1-5, 1996. Cosmovici, C. B., Bower. S. Werthimer. D. (eds.) Publisher Compositori, Bologna, January, 1997, ISBN: 8877940921.
Jugaku, J., Nishimura, S., "A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood III," 6th Bioastronomy Meeting, Kohala Coast Hawaii, August 2-6, 1999. (ABSTRACT)
Jugaku, J., Nishimura, S., '' A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Strars in the IRAS Catalog '', pp. 295-298 in Bioastronomy. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life - The Broadens Exploration. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Bioastronomy, Val Cenis, Savoie, France. June 18-23 1990. Heidmann, J. & Klein. M.J. (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
Slysh, V.I., '' Research in the Infrared to Microwave for Astro-Engineering Activity, in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments '', M. D. Papagiannis (Editor), Reidel Pub. Co., Boston, Massachusetts, 1985.
ufologie.net/htm/dysonsphereref.htm
Scale of Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev
Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev (born April 25, 1932) is a Russian radio astronomer, famous for his Kardashev Ladder. which classifies the civilizations of the universe according to their energy consumption. This one, presented in 1964 at the Byurakan conference (Armenia), has since passed to posterity. His radioastronomy activity led him to listen, with his colleague Iosef Shklovski, very large portions of the universe using multidirectional antennas, looking for a signal or a leak emanating from a extraterrestrial civilization. In April 1965, he even thought he had intercepted such a signal, but it was actually a quasar, as Maarten Schmidt had interpreted a few days earlier.
Use and examples
Human civilization is of Type (0), somewhere under Type (I), since it uses only a fraction of the total energy available on Earth. Whereas the Kardashev scale did not have intermediate levels. Carl Sagan defined it by interpolation and extrapolation of the initial types, and he calculated that that of the current human civilization should be 0.7 by evaluating the power consumed at about 10 Tera / Watt by the formula :
Or '' K '' represents the level of civilization of Kardashev and '' W '' the power consumed in Watts. We write the whole part in Roman numerals and the fractional part in decimal.
To reach Type (I) on Earth, one possibility would be to massively use the thermal energy of the oceans, wind turbines, tidal energy to extract the solar energy received by the oceans. Unfortunately, no method known to date can collect all of this available energy without completely covering the earth's surface of artificial structures. Given the way of life of humans, it still seems unachievable in the near future. We are already collecting terrestrial energy through ecological resources, which can be more sustainable and efficient than our technology. If we give up completely replacing natural resources with synthetic substitutes. It is possible to achieve a Type (I) civilization by optimizing the entire terrestrial ecosystem for maximum yield.
A hypothetical Type II civilization could construct a Dyson sphere, or similar structure, to intercept any energy emitted by a star, or even more exotic, feed a stellar black hole to extract it from energy usable, or finally occupy several solar systems and take a fraction of the energy of each star. A civilization of Type (III) would use the same methods, applied to all the stars of one or more galaxies or methods unknown today.
For Kardashev, the Terrans were not able in 1964 to intercept a leak emanating from a type (III) civilization, in the form of radio waves or laser beams. In April of the following year, in 1965, Kardashev believed to have intercepted one of these signals in the CTA 102 radiogalaxy, and the Tass agency even published a sensational statement stating a message whose "origin extraterrestrial is verified and no doubt ". Kardashev has it for his expenses, a Dutch astronomer (Maarten Schmidt) having identified a few days earlier the signal as the emission of a quasar. Since then, the persistent silence of the universe, or at least the absence of a signal or a flight from such civilizations, will lead Iosef Shklovski (Russian radio astronomer, collaborator of Kardashev) to conclude the suicide required of a civilization of Type (III), statement to be compared to the Fermi Paradox.
The galactic Empire commonly encountered in many space opera works provides an easily recognizable example of a fictional civilization likely to reach Type (III). These civilizations consume energy on a gigantic scale, lying between Type (II) and Type (III).
Theological Perspectives
If we consider the Kardashev scale as a predictive or even normative schema of an expected technological future, rather than a mere scale of energy consumption, it becomes theological and predicts a '' end of history ''. ''. Viewed as a description of the past and future of human history, it could be compared to the Marxist theory of modes of production which also includes propositions on the interactions between technology and social structures, although on a shorter period.
Implications for civilizations
There are many historical examples of civilizations undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the Renaissance. Likewise, transitions between levels of the Kardashev scale are likely to represent troubled periods of social upheaval, since they involve overcoming the obstacle of limiting the resources available in the territory occupied by a civilization. Current speculation suggests that the transition from Type (0) to Type (I) carries a high risk of self-destruction since living space occupies the entire home planet. The Malthusian catastrophe is an example of such speculation.
Some authors have pointed out that a period of great upheaval could be the beginning of an ascent to a Type (I) civilization.
Hypothetical extrapolations
The exponential progression of this scale encourages the extrapolation of more advanced types of civilization. For example :
Type IV : Civilization controls all the energy of a galactic super-cluster (approximately 1046 W).
Type V : The available energy is that of all the visible Universe: approximately
1056 W. Such a civilization goes beyond the scientific understanding and seems quite utopian. The civilization described in Frank J. Tipler's Point Omega is likely to be at this level.
Imaginary projections
They are mostly found in science fiction and are not "officially" established, and therefore different, according to the authors. Here are some examples:
Type VI : The energy level of several added universes is about 1066 W, in continuation of the lower levels. Such a civilization could manipulate and alter the laws of physics on each of the multiple universes.
This civilization could abandon a dying universe and become eternal: less advanced civilizations would also have the possibility.
Type VII : Deity able to create universes at will, and to use them as energy source. Their energetic power is virtually infinite, only limited by the number and size of the universe created and would rise to the vertiginous height of 1076 or even 10100 W. This type of civilization would likely be immortal because the creation of universes requires that the civilization is external to the created universes.
Isaac Asimov's science-fiction novel '' The Last Question '' features an example of a Type VII entity.
Hypothetical futures
The science-fiction at the origin of these imaginary projections also offers us indications of the hypothetical future changes corresponding to the fractional values of the Kardashev scale. Here is a possible future, whose proposals are based on scientific literature. Nikolai Kardashev's article on the inevitable and possible structures of super-civilizations, where he states that increasing energy consumption leads to technological progression, diminished cohesion and a fluctuation in the probability of survival and contact, is an explanation of this section. The articles Cosmology, Civilization and Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations also mention these civilizations and their transformation. Most of these explanations can be found in '' Energy and Culture '', which elaborates on the content of this article in more detail. It is devoted to the theoretical aspect of the evolutionary trends of more advanced civilizations with a description of each of the types. This section follows the original diagram without quoting it word for word.
Relations with sociology and anthropology
Kardashev's theory can be considered as the extension of other social theories and particularly that of social evolutionism. She is close to the theory of Leslie White, author of 'The Evolution of Culture': The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome (1959). White attempted to build an explanatory theory of the entire history of humanity. Technology is the overriding factor in this theory: "Technological advances determine social organization," writes White, echoing Lewis Henry Morgan's earlier thesis. He proposes as a measure of the level of progress of a society, the measure of its energy consumption (which gave it its name of energetic theory of the evolution of cultures). He distinguished 5 stages of development of humanity. In the first, men use their only muscular energy. In the second, they use domestic animals. In the third (which White calls "agricultural revolution"). They use the energy of plant biomass. In the fourth, they learn to extract fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Finally, in the fifth stage, they use nuclear energy. White introduced the formula: '' P = ExT, where '' E '' is the energy consumed, and '' T '' a coefficient depending on the efficiency of the techniques using this energy.
Nikolai Kardashev and the classification of extraterrestrial civilizations :
a) The planetary civilizations of Type ( I ).
Michio Kaku quotes Dyson who estimates that the Earth will lead to a Type I civilization around 2200, based on an extrapolation of the current rate of growth of the planet's energy consumption.
A Type I civilization is defined as a civilization that has mastered all the forms of energy of its reference mother planet which is the planet of origin of civilization (for us the Earth). A Type I civilization is theoretically capable of modifying the climate, exploiting the resources of all oceans at will, or extracting energy from the nucleus (where high temperatures prevail) from its home planet. Its energy needs are so great that this civilization is under the obligation to rationally and systematically exploit all the potential resources of its mother planet. Managing and exploiting the resources of a whole planet implies high cooperation among the members of that society. Such a high level of cooperation among the members of a planetary civilization requires the establishment of a highly sophisticated global communication system (such as the Internet).
The Type (I) of civilization is characterized by :
- The establishment of development programs on a global scale. These global programs are initiated and executed by international organizations.
- The globalization of economic exchanges (food, medicines, consumer goods, capital). Complete eradication of corruption networks (like the various mafias for example). Abolition of totalitarian political regimes. Suppression of all forms of fanaticism, whether religious, political, nationalistic, communitarian, ethnic. Elimination of any activity that could harm the general interest of civilization. Wars must be nothing but bad memories of the tumultuous childhood of the planetary civilization.
- Rigorous international management of the environment and available natural resources.
- Seamless cooperation from all members of this vast building. Cooperation which supposes the respect of certain spiritual and moral values, and the realization of a true civilization with the development of its material and "immaterial" dimensions.
A Type I civilization is theoretically capable of visiting all the planets of its star system. She has a good knowledge of the universe outside her system, but has not managed to explore it with Manned Ships. UFOs do not come from a Type I civilization. According to Freeman Dyson (see his book: The Disturbances of the Universe). "A Type I civilization is undetectable at interstellar distances, if not by the emission of radio waves. Our only chance of discovering a Type I civilization is to follow the advice of Cocconi and Morrison and seek to capture radio messages. This method of research has been followed by our radio astronomers for 20 years. Let us not forget that Dyson places itself in the context of the SETI Program, which has assigned itself as a mission, the detection of signals capable of revealing the existence of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization. The work of physicists Philip Morrison and Guiseppe Cocconi are at the origin of the SETI program. The story of this program begins on September 19, 1959 with the publication in the scientific journal "Nature" of an article signed by the two physicists. In this groundbreaking article, they propose to listen to technologically advanced civilizations using the frequency of 1420 MHz which is none other than that of hydrogen, the most abundant element in our Universe. Even today, most of the SETI program plays are around 1420 MHz, which is also the 21-centimeter line in wavelengths. So far, no Type I civilization has been detected by radio listening.
b) Stellar civilizations of Type (II).
According to Kaku, Kardashev planned the development of such a civilization for the year 5200.
Type II civilizations are theoretically capable of controlling the energy of their reference star (for us the Sun). The energy needs of this type of civilization are so great that the energy available on the mother planet of reference (for us the Earth) is no longer sufficient. To survive, these civilizations must exploit the resources provided by their star. Dyson imagined that civilizations at this level would surely be able to build giant spheres surrounding their central star and domesticate in this way the energy emitted by the star. In fact, it would be very difficult technically to build a complete sphere around the sun that would be able to trap all the energy emitted by our star. This sphere would look like an immense rigid and hollow shell that would absorb the energy released by the star. The problem is that it is almost impossible to avoid a collapse of the sphere at the poles where the weight of the structure is not compensated by the centrifugal force. Rather than a sphere, Dyson ends up considering the construction of several belts surrounding the Sun.
Another solution to capture the energy of the central star of a planetary system would consist in the deployment around this star of a very thin film of plastic covered with aluminum in the shape of a balloon. The aluminum film would act as a mirror that would return the energy of the star to a smaller area. The lightness of the whole would make impossible the collapse of the structure to the poles and the cost of its construction would be very reduced. The amount of materials used to build the balloon would of course depend on its distance from the Sun. If we choose, for example, a distance equal to 300 million kilometers, a little beyond the orbit of Mars, we end up with a mass of materials equal to only 3% of that of the Moon. For the construction of a "classical" Dyson sphere, that is to say having the shape of a rigid shell, one would have to use all the matter of a giant planet like Jupiter. The spheres of Dyson, or "Dysonspheres" are kinds of light traps whose energy is then channeled for the needs of the Type II civilization. Dyson's idea of light traps is particularly daring and has largely fueled science fiction literature, but there is no evidence that a Type II civilization could have built such a vast structure. Dyson himself acknowledges that none of these civilizations had been detected yet. According to his theory, a Type II civilization, which exploits the total energy output of a star, would necessarily leave a large fraction of this energy in the form of heat, ie in the form of infrared radiation. easily observable from Earth. Any type II civilization is therefore theoretically a source of infrared radiation of power comparable to the brightness of a star. Unfortunately, today astronomers working in the infrared have not found radiation sources that are thought to be artificial objects.
Freeman Dyson
As far as the area of expansion of these civilizations is concerned, there is nothing to prevent us from thinking that they have begun to colonize all the star systems neighboring their star. Moreover, admitting that the UFO phenomenon is explicable by the extraterrestrial hypothesis. It follows logically from this assumption that UFOs may be gear driven by the representatives of a Type II civilization. It is also highly probable that these Type II civilizations encountered, during their quest for new cosmic horizons, representatives of a Type III civilization.
c) Galactic civilizations of Type (III).
According to Kaku, Kardashev foresaw the development of this type of civilization for the year 7800.
Galactic civilizations are theoretically able to exploit the energy resources of all the star systems of a galaxy. This extension to other stellar systems is explained by the fact that the energy released by a single star is not sufficient to satisfy their energy needs which are gigantic. Representatives of Type (III) are able to move anywhere in their reference galaxy (for us the Milky Way). We can imagine that a civilization of this type has managed to build a kind of "Galactic Federation" grouping within it many civilizations of Type (II). How would a Federation or a Galactic Empire work? We do not have any idea for the moment. Would this Empire be in the form of a Central power exercised by a single sovereign civilization governing a community of Vassal Civilizations? Where well, will it exist in the form of a vast Federation of autonomous civilizations maintaining friendly relations without superior authority? We can only speculate on the forms that such an Empire would take, but there is nothing to prevent us from admitting at least the existence of a kind of network of civilizations spread over the entire Galaxy, the members of which would have forged deep links between them. . On the contrary, it is a hypothesis that seems very reasonable to us. In any case, a Type (III) civilization is necessarily very old, and although it is difficult to provide precise figures in this area, we can reasonably assume that it must have millions of millions of dollars behind it. years of technological evolution. Needless to say, for us, the technical achievements of such a civilization are perfectly inconceivable. A good example, in our view, of a Type III civilization imagined by science fiction is Stanley Kubrick's cult film "2001: The Odyssey of Space". We see in this film black monoliths that seem to influence the evolution of the human species. These monoliths could represent a form of extraterrestrial life, or machines, belonging to a civilization of Type (III). What is remarkable in this work of fiction is the permanent mystery surrounding black monoliths. What are they exactly? Where do they come from ? No precise answer is given, and at the end of the film, the mystery remains intact. This is exactly what we should expect if one day we meet on our way a civilization of Type (III). The only clues available to the scientists of "2001" concern the probably very important antiquity of monoliths (especially after the discovery of a specimen buried beneath the lunar surface) and the ease with which they move in space, without use visible propulsion means. The film also suggests that monoliths are able to create sorts of passages, or shortcuts, by breaking the frame of the space / time continuum, and thus move very quickly from one star system to another . In Robert Zemeckis's film "Contact", from Carl Sagan's book with the same title, humanity established a radio contact with an extraterrestrial civilization that could also be a Type III civilization. It seems, however, that the technology of black monoliths is much more advanced than that implemented by the extraterrestrial intelligence of "Contact". Paradoxically, Carl Sagan, who was very interested in extraterrestrial civilizations, did not believe in UFOs. In our view, the representatives of a Type III civilization would be perfect candidates to explain the UFO phenomenon.
d) Civilizations of galactic clusters of Type (IV).
Why stop at the Type (III) of civilization? Is this type of civilization the pinnacle of the organization of intelligent societies in the universe? Surely there are more galaxies in the universe than stars in the Milky Way, which already has 200 billion. So, could not we imagine organized societies gathering dozens, see hundreds of galaxies? If a Type (III) civilization solved the difficult problem of moving in the space / time continuum inside our Galaxy, why would not it be able to leave the Milky Way and explore the Local Group's Galaxies? ? Admittedly, the intergalactic distances are much larger than the interstellar distances (the Andromeda Galaxy, for example, is located 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way), but, if the basic principle of displacements in the The space / time continuum is the same for both short and long distances, so there is no reason to believe that such trips between galaxies are possible. After all, if we take the example of civil jet planes plying the skies of our planet in all directions, the Paris-Tokyo trip (9700 kilometers) is no more of a technical problem than a flight between Paris and Bordeaux ( 600 kilometers). If a civilization is able to travel from one end to the other of our galaxy, that is to say to cross a distance equal to 100,000 light-years, it will have to travel a distance 25 times higher to reach the Galaxy. of Andromeda (2,500,000 light-years). Is it more difficult for a possible spacecraft of a Type III civilization to go from the Milky Way to Andromeda, than for a commercial airliner to go from Paris to Tokyo, knowing that the distance Paris -Tokyo is 16 times higher than the Paris-Bordeaux distance? If the technique of interstellar space travel is as well mastered as the technique of air travel, the answer is no. We previously admit that the representatives of a Type III civilization could be at the origin of the UFO phenomenon, so, a fortiori, those of a civilization of Type (IV) can also be: who can most , can the least.
e) Universal Civilization of Type (V).
By definition, there is only one civilization of Type (V), since this civilization occupies an area as large as our Universe. For this reason, we call it "The Civilization". This unique Type (V) civilization is the ultimate type. the summit and the completion of all civilization. "Civilization" crowns all other types of civilization by its internal perfection and ultimate degree of completion. It includes all the galaxies of all galactic clusters. Some readers may smile at the statement of this proposition, and it is even possible that they dismiss scornfully the idea of a Type (V) of civilization. If for these readers, the existence of a galactic civilization of Type (III) is a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, and if they pass again, not without some reticence, on the more problematic reality of a civilization of clusters. Galactic type (IV), to consider that there could exist a single civilization that colonized the Universe as a whole is an assumption that they can not surely accept. We readily admit that we are here in the field of pure speculation and that the hypothesis of the existence of a Type (V) civilization is completely insane. But if we continue to the end the logic of our attempt to classify civilizations, we must arrive at an extreme point in this ranking. If we think that Type (0) represents the lowest degree in the evolutionary scale of civilizations, there is nothing to prevent us from assuming that at the other end of this scale there is an ultimate type. In this case, the Type (V) is only the highest degree of evolution on this scale. As in any graduation system, it is necessary to consider a higher degree which theoretically can not be exceeded. " The civilization. "May not exist, but we can still try to imagine it. If there are beings who are the representatives of this type of civilization, we will assume that there is nothing above them in the Universe. These beings perfectly master space and time, matter and energy. They have technology that brings us magic or miraculous powers. They are almost supernatural beings, gods, fabulous creatures, omniscient and omnipotent. At this level, however, we humbly admit that we are totally unable to imagine what these creatures may look like, let alone how they live, move, and think. Moreover, it is unlikely that the UFO phenomenon belongs to this type of civilization.
Sources :
ovniinvestigation.free.fr/Classification.htm
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Kardashev
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