Post by Andrei Tchentchik on Mar 29, 2019 18:30:12 GMT 2
(.#121).- Extraterrestrial hypothesis.
Extraterrestrial hypothesis
The extraterrestrial hypothesis (HET) is an expression that belongs to the UFO culture (the study of UFOs). It consists in proposing to interpret certain UFO sightings as manifestations of an extraterrestrial intelligence form (IET). For many, the notion of extraterrestrial intelligence refers to ET in the flesh and bone, and the HET to the idea that we would be visited by extraterrestrials aboard spaceships (UFOs, also called flying saucers). But this conception is far from accounting for the richness and complexity of the various interpretations of HET and EITs found in the UFO literature.
Foundations of the hypothesis
Proponents of this hypothesis tend to consider some of the UFO cases resistant to explanations in terms of known natural or artificial phenomena (between 15 and 30% of cases according to surveys, 23% of Aerospace Phenomena Not Identified according to GEIPAN) as being able to be the manifestation of older and more "developed" ETs than we who would thus manifest their presence in our environment.
The assumption that the flying saucers would be devices from other planets (Mars most often) was mentioned in the press from the first press articles in the summer of 1947. But this assumption is then quoted to joke the topic. It was not until 1950 and the publication of the historical article of the journalist and former US military Donald Keyhoe in True that the HET, called interplanetary theory, be stated seriously (the public is unaware that the military experts of the Wright base -Patterson reached the same conclusion in 1948 but without convincing the hierarchy). For Keyhoe the saucers are shuttles sent by ET. This assumption will be favored by most amateur investigators who will look at the subject from the early 1950s.
Ufologists and writers like Aimé Michel will propose in the 1970s a more complex version of HET, sometimes called "second degree", according to which UFOs are manifestations of a form of extraterrestrial intelligence but without conclude that they are material vessels.
Ufologists, engineers and scientists who have studied unexplained UFO cases (such as those classified as PAN D by GEIPAN, characterized by the "quality of the evidence collected and the accuracy of the evidence") believe that the extraterrestrial hypothesis can reasonably be taken in such situations.
Pierre Lagrange (sociologist of sciences and specialized in the study of "parasciences") declared on this subject: "Behind the term" UFO "hides in fact a whole series of different phenomena. To build a real scientific problem, one should first try to bring each unexplained phenomenon into a specific category. The extraterrestrial hypothesis would be one of them. Until recently, we did not suspect the existence of leprechauns, these lightning flashes that take place in the very upper atmosphere. The proof that flying saucers are extraterrestrial machines is not yet acquired, far from it! But the absence of serious studies does not make it possible to advance the subject. Some studies conducted by official European governmental bodies or study associations are moving in this direction. This model is supported by some scientists known for their work on the UFO phenomenon, such as Stanton Friedman, Jean-Jacques Velasco, Jean-Pierre Petit or J. Allen Hynek. They are nonetheless a minority in the scientific community, which considers that the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visits to the Earth is unproven.
The extraterrestrial hypothesis is based in part on the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial beings in the Universe. Its advocates take into account the results of the Drake equation (suggested by Frank Drake in the 1960s in an attempt to estimate the expected number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy with whom we could come into contact), even if it is criticized because of the large margin of error at present for each variable involved in the equation.
It is assumed that if man is a natural product of evolution (not created artificially or pre-existent), then similar or more evolved entities may exist in many parts of the universe, given the large number of 'stars. It is simply a matter of multiplying the number of stars in the universe by the probability of them harboring a civilization in their orbit (this probability is itself the product of the probability for the star to have planets, multiplied by the probability that a planet is at the right distance from the star, and other parameters). The current estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe is 7 × 1022 stars (about 100 billion galaxies, our own galaxy, the Milky Way, containing about 300 billion stars), about as much as There are atoms in 1.4 grams of carbon. The range is probably given for the number of civilizations that probably exist in the galaxy: between 20 and several million.
Some scientists (Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee in their book Rare Earth) add further parameters to the equation (eg the probability of having in the star system a planet like Jupiter, acting as an asteroid shield for the planet sheltering life, or a massive moon to stabilize the axis of rotation) and conclude that a civilization like ours could in this case be rare, or unique.
View of more than 10,000 galaxies on a composite photo, the most distant ever taken by Hubble, the Hubble ultra-deep field (September 2003-January 2004).
But if more advanced civilizations exist, that does not mean that they can visit us. The theory of relativity shows that there is a limit speed (the speed of light), and even if the contraction of durations (of which the most famous example is the paradox of the twins) shows that for the traveler, the travel time can be very brief, it does not necessarily make a large-scale exploration possible. HET proponents point out that special relativity is not necessarily a complete theory of the Universe and that the level of current human technological knowledge does not reasonably make it possible to judge such trips impossible. Other scientists consider that it is scientifically possible to circumvent the inapplicability of exceeding the speed of light while respecting the special relativity (superluminal velocity, theoretically for the moment only) by using the concept of wormhole, the metric of Alcubierre or the theory of Heim.
But the extraterrestrial hypothesis relies mainly on the testimonies, the radar tracks, the apparent "intelligent nature" of the phenomenon and the alleged performances of the UFOs. In recent years, questions have arisen because of the similarities between magnetohydrodynamics (in particular with the characteristics of the MHD acceleration) and the alleged capabilities of UFOs. Indeed, such a mode of propulsion is characterized, inter alia, by the absence of noise or supersonic "bang", brutal accelerations and a "brightness" of the object due to the ionization of the surrounding fluid by micro -ondes. These characteristics of the MHD propulsion are typical of most UFO sightings and according to a minority of scientists this would be proof that the UFO phenomenon is a manifestation of an extraterrestrial civilization using MHD as an "intrafluidic" propulsion mode. that is, in air or in water (the MHD only functions in a fluid9.)
There are different interpretations of the extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis, from those who regard them as mere space ships punctually exploring the Earth to those who view the UFO phenomenon as the expression of a permanent presence of an extraterrestrial population on our planet. .
• The "exploratory" current: several renowned ufologists such as Jean-Jacques Velasco or Captain Edward J. Ruppelt put forward the theory that UFOs would be interstellar vessels belonging to a civilization of extraterrestrial origin that would regularly monitor and study the Earth and its inhabitants. The extremely advanced technology, as well as the high intellectual level of the occupants of these vessels, explain our inability to understand this phenomenon.
• The current "conspiracy": this current, defended notably by Bob Lazar or Bill Cooper, argues that a massive presence of extraterrestrials on our planet is already a reality and has been made possible thanks to the complicity of some land governments (especially US). These extraterrestrials could practice with impunity various operations on Earth (human abductions and implant placement, mutilations of cattle) in exchange for donations of technology benefiting the accomplice governments. Proponents of this current view the opacity of the armed forces vis-à-vis the UFO phenomenon as evidence of the soundness of their theory. • The "globalist" current: the defenders of this thesis do not consider the UFO phenomenon as mere interstellar vessels built in "hard" but rather as a vast system of global experiments through which an extraterrestrial intelligence would attempt to study and / or communicate with humanity. Repeating symbols inspired by our culture, this "extraterrestrial consciousness" would try to express its presence by events voluntarily brought back to our intellectual level. This theory explains the absurd, even absurd aspect that sometimes appearing UFOs or extraterrestrial entities and allows to put the UFO phenomenon in coherence with the Fermi paradox.
The famous French ufologist Jacques Vallée has already pronounced for such an interpretation of the phenomenon.
The hypothesis of non-interference
This hypothesis originally titled the galactic zoo hypothesis by John A. Ball is one of the hypotheses advanced in response to Fermilab's Paradox, about the apparent lack of evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life. For proponents of this assumption, the extraterrestrials would exist well and would be technologically advanced enough to communicate and get in touch with us. Nevertheless, there is no reason to say that these visitors really want to be known in an obvious way too quickly. Indeed, the advance that would allow a civilization "Fermi" to know us requires an obvious maturity of the journey, explorations and meetings. It probably also implies a level of knowledge and a difference, perhaps unimaginable for us, in the technical, technological, cultural, even spiritual fields. So they could just watch us from a distance, without trying to interact with us, in the same way that contact is now forbidden with some tribes of the Amazon not to disturb them and eventually destroy them. This is likely to happen to our civilizations in case of brutal contact with extraterrestrials.
In 1973, John A. Ball proposed "the galactic zoo hypothesis" in the journal Icarus, an international journal on solar system studies. As a radio astronomer assigned to the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, he seriously advanced the idea that the Earth was a "zoo" and that extraterrestrials were at home, already busy observing us.
Ball was derided by many scientists for his theory, because it implied the existence of extraterrestrials living among us.
Variants of the HET
• Jean-Jacques Velasco speculates that extraterrestrial spaceships are especially attracted to military bases and nuclear research centers.
• Several authors (Jean-Pierre Petit, Auguste Meessen, etc.) postulate that extraterrestrial spacecraft move in our atmosphere using magnetohydrodynamic technology.
• Several authors defend the idea that the extraterrestrial visits of our planet go back to the dawn of humanity, to see on this subject the theory of the Ancient Astronauts.
• Jean Sider, considers that the extraterrestrials could visit our planet in the past, influencing the evolution of humanity. This kind of theory, which posits that evolution can not account alone (without external intervention) for the appearance of human beings, brings ufology closer to the theory of intelligent design, the modern version of creationism.
• Some authors consider that crop circles (or crop circles) would be created by microwave emissions. There is no consensus, however, that these microwaves would be the creation of top-secret military programs or extraterrestrial spacecraft.
• Over the centuries - and "theories" - various denominations and concepts have been attributed to the "entities" not belonging to the group HET: shamanic spirits, jinns and other incubus and succubes of the monotheistic religions, fairy of Celtic folklorists -especially Anglo-Saxon, Elemental Spiritualists, Pierre Theilhard de Chardin's Noosphere, Dero / Tero by Richard Sharpe Shaver and Ray Palmer, Shepherd's Star, Wisps, Lightning Balls and Other Probe Balloons, Poul Anderson's Time Patrol, Multiversal ( by parallel universes) by Hugh Everett, flyers of Carlos Cesar Salvador Arana Castaneda and don Juan Matus, ultraterrestrials of Alva John Kiehle (John A. Keel), seismic lights of Paul Devereux, control force of Jacques Vallée, global Gaian brain of Peter Russel, Henri Corbin's mundus imaginalis, John Lash's archons, Kyle Griffith and Gerry Zeitlin's theocrats, Roger Nelson's global global consciousness, transhumanist matrix of Nick Bostrom ...
• Several authors have postulated an intraterrestrial hypothesis, the possibility that UFOs come from the center of our planet, disappear there or take refuge in underground bases or in a space related to the hypothesis of the Hollow Earth. In the late 1950s, Henrique Jose de Souza, president of the Brazilian Theosophical Society, theorized that UFOs originated from Agartha, or from within the Earth. Walter Siegmeister, in his book Flying Saucers From The Earth's Interior, exposes the same theory. Operation Highjump gave rise to various theories postulating the intraterrestrial hypothesis, using Admiral Richard Byrd's logbook.
• Mac Tonnies and Jacques Vallée spoke on a cryptoterrestrial hypothesis, that the extraterrestrials would live among us in a hidden way.
Reviews of the HET
It is extremely important to distinguish the idea that there is extraterrestrial life in the deep space of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, which holds that humanoid extraterrestrials with spacecraft and technology far superior to ours visit daily the Earth. Organizations of skeptics consider that it is not because there is certainly some life in deep space that there is a significant number of humanoid races that have developed a technology allowing interstellar journeys and that visit us on Earth, without establishing a real first contact. The probability of life in space does not necessarily imply many regular extraterrestrial visits to the Earth. Some of the skeptics, called moderate, do not categorically reject the HET, but simply refuse to rule on unexplained cases.
Several points challenge the extraterrestrial hypothesis as a rational explanation of the UFO phenomenon:
• The first is the absence of conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial visits to the Earth. The HET is essentially speculative because the elements in its favor are mainly anecdotal (testimonials, indices, etc.). It is not because it is possible that life exists in Deep Space that there is necessarily that visiting our planet. The two hypotheses are independent of each other: we must not make an unjustified logical shift from one to the other, or fallacious reasoning based on an "argument of ignorance". Scientifically, if we can not explain something, all we can conclude is that we do not know how to explain it. This is why we speak of extraterrestrial hypothesis and not extraterrestrial thesis.
• Modern physics and, in particular, Albert Einstein's theory of relativity prohibit any movement at a speed greater than the speed of light. In this context, any interstellar journey would be almost impossible, the least journey between two planetary systems can take several hundred years. Although for passengers traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, the relativistic effects would considerably reduce the duration of the journey.
• The Fermi paradox assumes that if there were extraterrestrial civilizations in abundance in space, one of them should have come to Earth even before the appearance of the human being. The absence of traces of such a visit leads Fermi to ask "Where are they? ". The various hypotheses invoked to refute this paradox are considered speculative by skeptics because they are not based on concrete observations, such as those sought in vain by the SETI program until today. According to them, the paradox holds until proven otherwise. If extraterrestrial civilizations abounded in space (a Star Trek universe), one should literally collapse under conclusive evidence. We should have extraterrestrial artifacts on the Earth from many visits, we should have aliens obviously present (First Contact) among us, since the dawn of human civilization. This paradox is a paradox only because it excludes the UFO phenomenon as a visible manifestation of extraterrestrial civilizations and that it supposes that one should collapse under the evidence and artifacts. Now an interstellar journey requires, if it is possible, a technological mastery very much ahead of ours and one can suppose that it is unusual, so not so frequent as supposed. More generally, the absence of proof can not be considered as proof of absence.
• Ball Zoo's hypothesis is at first very speculative and does not rest on any concrete fact. It can also be considered as quite anthropomorphic, attributing to extraterrestrials ultimately human intentions. It is an ad hoc hypothesis used to preserve a vision of the universe where civilizations abound, and this despite the absence of empirical elements going in this direction. Moreover, if there were many extraterrestrial civilizations advanced and able to come into contact with us, as Drake's equation might lead us to believe, it seems rather unlikely that all of them would strictly respect this rule of non-interference, and the probability that a civilization will transgress it and manifest itself to us is great. Finally, even if this rule were respected at the level of a civilization, the probability that an individual or a group of individuals knowingly transgress it is great. Similarly, it could not prevent the visit of stray individuals.
• The sometimes absurd, even absurd behavior of UFOs or their so-called occupants formally contradicts the classic pattern of explorers who came to scientifically study an unknown world. Ufologists argue against this type of reasoning that the classical patterns invoked by skeptics are predictive models whose universal validity remains to be demonstrated.
Elements in favor of the HET
• The history of ufology is full of stories and testimonies of encounters with beings presented as extraterrestrial in nature. According to the terminology of the astronomer J. Allen Hynek, a close encounter of the third type or RR3 is the fact of the meeting by direct witnesses of beings who do not come from our planet, in connection with an observation of UFO. Although they are only testimonials, these meetings sometimes leave traces as at Valensole in 1965 in the field of Maurice Masse.
• An interesting RR3 took place on September 16, 1994 with children from a school in Ruwa, Zimbabwe. The quality of the testimonies and their concordance prompted psychiatrist John E. Mack to describe their story as highly probable. On the same day, at the same time, in the city of Metepec in Mexico, Sara Cuevas observed UFOs with the identical description. A radar echo was retrieved at the Mexico City International Airport. The next night, the same witness filmed a luminous figure. The analysis of the video on May 25, 2008 revealed morphological characteristics that seemed to corroborate the description of the children of the Ruwa school.
• The HET also underlies the assumption of extraterrestrial human abduction for medical examinations and extraterrestrial implant injection. Some of these implants (16) were removed including by Dr. Roger K. Leir and eight of them were perfectly identical. They are in analysis in various laboratories.
Elements to the detriment of the HET
Since the 1960s for SETI and since 17 May 1999 for SETI @ home, no evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence has been established.
F I N .
Extraterrestrial hypothesis
The extraterrestrial hypothesis (HET) is an expression that belongs to the UFO culture (the study of UFOs). It consists in proposing to interpret certain UFO sightings as manifestations of an extraterrestrial intelligence form (IET). For many, the notion of extraterrestrial intelligence refers to ET in the flesh and bone, and the HET to the idea that we would be visited by extraterrestrials aboard spaceships (UFOs, also called flying saucers). But this conception is far from accounting for the richness and complexity of the various interpretations of HET and EITs found in the UFO literature.
Foundations of the hypothesis
Proponents of this hypothesis tend to consider some of the UFO cases resistant to explanations in terms of known natural or artificial phenomena (between 15 and 30% of cases according to surveys, 23% of Aerospace Phenomena Not Identified according to GEIPAN) as being able to be the manifestation of older and more "developed" ETs than we who would thus manifest their presence in our environment.
The assumption that the flying saucers would be devices from other planets (Mars most often) was mentioned in the press from the first press articles in the summer of 1947. But this assumption is then quoted to joke the topic. It was not until 1950 and the publication of the historical article of the journalist and former US military Donald Keyhoe in True that the HET, called interplanetary theory, be stated seriously (the public is unaware that the military experts of the Wright base -Patterson reached the same conclusion in 1948 but without convincing the hierarchy). For Keyhoe the saucers are shuttles sent by ET. This assumption will be favored by most amateur investigators who will look at the subject from the early 1950s.
Ufologists and writers like Aimé Michel will propose in the 1970s a more complex version of HET, sometimes called "second degree", according to which UFOs are manifestations of a form of extraterrestrial intelligence but without conclude that they are material vessels.
Ufologists, engineers and scientists who have studied unexplained UFO cases (such as those classified as PAN D by GEIPAN, characterized by the "quality of the evidence collected and the accuracy of the evidence") believe that the extraterrestrial hypothesis can reasonably be taken in such situations.
Pierre Lagrange (sociologist of sciences and specialized in the study of "parasciences") declared on this subject: "Behind the term" UFO "hides in fact a whole series of different phenomena. To build a real scientific problem, one should first try to bring each unexplained phenomenon into a specific category. The extraterrestrial hypothesis would be one of them. Until recently, we did not suspect the existence of leprechauns, these lightning flashes that take place in the very upper atmosphere. The proof that flying saucers are extraterrestrial machines is not yet acquired, far from it! But the absence of serious studies does not make it possible to advance the subject. Some studies conducted by official European governmental bodies or study associations are moving in this direction. This model is supported by some scientists known for their work on the UFO phenomenon, such as Stanton Friedman, Jean-Jacques Velasco, Jean-Pierre Petit or J. Allen Hynek. They are nonetheless a minority in the scientific community, which considers that the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visits to the Earth is unproven.
The extraterrestrial hypothesis is based in part on the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial beings in the Universe. Its advocates take into account the results of the Drake equation (suggested by Frank Drake in the 1960s in an attempt to estimate the expected number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy with whom we could come into contact), even if it is criticized because of the large margin of error at present for each variable involved in the equation.
It is assumed that if man is a natural product of evolution (not created artificially or pre-existent), then similar or more evolved entities may exist in many parts of the universe, given the large number of 'stars. It is simply a matter of multiplying the number of stars in the universe by the probability of them harboring a civilization in their orbit (this probability is itself the product of the probability for the star to have planets, multiplied by the probability that a planet is at the right distance from the star, and other parameters). The current estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe is 7 × 1022 stars (about 100 billion galaxies, our own galaxy, the Milky Way, containing about 300 billion stars), about as much as There are atoms in 1.4 grams of carbon. The range is probably given for the number of civilizations that probably exist in the galaxy: between 20 and several million.
Some scientists (Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee in their book Rare Earth) add further parameters to the equation (eg the probability of having in the star system a planet like Jupiter, acting as an asteroid shield for the planet sheltering life, or a massive moon to stabilize the axis of rotation) and conclude that a civilization like ours could in this case be rare, or unique.
View of more than 10,000 galaxies on a composite photo, the most distant ever taken by Hubble, the Hubble ultra-deep field (September 2003-January 2004).
But if more advanced civilizations exist, that does not mean that they can visit us. The theory of relativity shows that there is a limit speed (the speed of light), and even if the contraction of durations (of which the most famous example is the paradox of the twins) shows that for the traveler, the travel time can be very brief, it does not necessarily make a large-scale exploration possible. HET proponents point out that special relativity is not necessarily a complete theory of the Universe and that the level of current human technological knowledge does not reasonably make it possible to judge such trips impossible. Other scientists consider that it is scientifically possible to circumvent the inapplicability of exceeding the speed of light while respecting the special relativity (superluminal velocity, theoretically for the moment only) by using the concept of wormhole, the metric of Alcubierre or the theory of Heim.
But the extraterrestrial hypothesis relies mainly on the testimonies, the radar tracks, the apparent "intelligent nature" of the phenomenon and the alleged performances of the UFOs. In recent years, questions have arisen because of the similarities between magnetohydrodynamics (in particular with the characteristics of the MHD acceleration) and the alleged capabilities of UFOs. Indeed, such a mode of propulsion is characterized, inter alia, by the absence of noise or supersonic "bang", brutal accelerations and a "brightness" of the object due to the ionization of the surrounding fluid by micro -ondes. These characteristics of the MHD propulsion are typical of most UFO sightings and according to a minority of scientists this would be proof that the UFO phenomenon is a manifestation of an extraterrestrial civilization using MHD as an "intrafluidic" propulsion mode. that is, in air or in water (the MHD only functions in a fluid9.)
There are different interpretations of the extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis, from those who regard them as mere space ships punctually exploring the Earth to those who view the UFO phenomenon as the expression of a permanent presence of an extraterrestrial population on our planet. .
• The "exploratory" current: several renowned ufologists such as Jean-Jacques Velasco or Captain Edward J. Ruppelt put forward the theory that UFOs would be interstellar vessels belonging to a civilization of extraterrestrial origin that would regularly monitor and study the Earth and its inhabitants. The extremely advanced technology, as well as the high intellectual level of the occupants of these vessels, explain our inability to understand this phenomenon.
• The current "conspiracy": this current, defended notably by Bob Lazar or Bill Cooper, argues that a massive presence of extraterrestrials on our planet is already a reality and has been made possible thanks to the complicity of some land governments (especially US). These extraterrestrials could practice with impunity various operations on Earth (human abductions and implant placement, mutilations of cattle) in exchange for donations of technology benefiting the accomplice governments. Proponents of this current view the opacity of the armed forces vis-à-vis the UFO phenomenon as evidence of the soundness of their theory. • The "globalist" current: the defenders of this thesis do not consider the UFO phenomenon as mere interstellar vessels built in "hard" but rather as a vast system of global experiments through which an extraterrestrial intelligence would attempt to study and / or communicate with humanity. Repeating symbols inspired by our culture, this "extraterrestrial consciousness" would try to express its presence by events voluntarily brought back to our intellectual level. This theory explains the absurd, even absurd aspect that sometimes appearing UFOs or extraterrestrial entities and allows to put the UFO phenomenon in coherence with the Fermi paradox.
The famous French ufologist Jacques Vallée has already pronounced for such an interpretation of the phenomenon.
The hypothesis of non-interference
This hypothesis originally titled the galactic zoo hypothesis by John A. Ball is one of the hypotheses advanced in response to Fermilab's Paradox, about the apparent lack of evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life. For proponents of this assumption, the extraterrestrials would exist well and would be technologically advanced enough to communicate and get in touch with us. Nevertheless, there is no reason to say that these visitors really want to be known in an obvious way too quickly. Indeed, the advance that would allow a civilization "Fermi" to know us requires an obvious maturity of the journey, explorations and meetings. It probably also implies a level of knowledge and a difference, perhaps unimaginable for us, in the technical, technological, cultural, even spiritual fields. So they could just watch us from a distance, without trying to interact with us, in the same way that contact is now forbidden with some tribes of the Amazon not to disturb them and eventually destroy them. This is likely to happen to our civilizations in case of brutal contact with extraterrestrials.
In 1973, John A. Ball proposed "the galactic zoo hypothesis" in the journal Icarus, an international journal on solar system studies. As a radio astronomer assigned to the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, he seriously advanced the idea that the Earth was a "zoo" and that extraterrestrials were at home, already busy observing us.
Ball was derided by many scientists for his theory, because it implied the existence of extraterrestrials living among us.
Variants of the HET
• Jean-Jacques Velasco speculates that extraterrestrial spaceships are especially attracted to military bases and nuclear research centers.
• Several authors (Jean-Pierre Petit, Auguste Meessen, etc.) postulate that extraterrestrial spacecraft move in our atmosphere using magnetohydrodynamic technology.
• Several authors defend the idea that the extraterrestrial visits of our planet go back to the dawn of humanity, to see on this subject the theory of the Ancient Astronauts.
• Jean Sider, considers that the extraterrestrials could visit our planet in the past, influencing the evolution of humanity. This kind of theory, which posits that evolution can not account alone (without external intervention) for the appearance of human beings, brings ufology closer to the theory of intelligent design, the modern version of creationism.
• Some authors consider that crop circles (or crop circles) would be created by microwave emissions. There is no consensus, however, that these microwaves would be the creation of top-secret military programs or extraterrestrial spacecraft.
• Over the centuries - and "theories" - various denominations and concepts have been attributed to the "entities" not belonging to the group HET: shamanic spirits, jinns and other incubus and succubes of the monotheistic religions, fairy of Celtic folklorists -especially Anglo-Saxon, Elemental Spiritualists, Pierre Theilhard de Chardin's Noosphere, Dero / Tero by Richard Sharpe Shaver and Ray Palmer, Shepherd's Star, Wisps, Lightning Balls and Other Probe Balloons, Poul Anderson's Time Patrol, Multiversal ( by parallel universes) by Hugh Everett, flyers of Carlos Cesar Salvador Arana Castaneda and don Juan Matus, ultraterrestrials of Alva John Kiehle (John A. Keel), seismic lights of Paul Devereux, control force of Jacques Vallée, global Gaian brain of Peter Russel, Henri Corbin's mundus imaginalis, John Lash's archons, Kyle Griffith and Gerry Zeitlin's theocrats, Roger Nelson's global global consciousness, transhumanist matrix of Nick Bostrom ...
• Several authors have postulated an intraterrestrial hypothesis, the possibility that UFOs come from the center of our planet, disappear there or take refuge in underground bases or in a space related to the hypothesis of the Hollow Earth. In the late 1950s, Henrique Jose de Souza, president of the Brazilian Theosophical Society, theorized that UFOs originated from Agartha, or from within the Earth. Walter Siegmeister, in his book Flying Saucers From The Earth's Interior, exposes the same theory. Operation Highjump gave rise to various theories postulating the intraterrestrial hypothesis, using Admiral Richard Byrd's logbook.
• Mac Tonnies and Jacques Vallée spoke on a cryptoterrestrial hypothesis, that the extraterrestrials would live among us in a hidden way.
Reviews of the HET
It is extremely important to distinguish the idea that there is extraterrestrial life in the deep space of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, which holds that humanoid extraterrestrials with spacecraft and technology far superior to ours visit daily the Earth. Organizations of skeptics consider that it is not because there is certainly some life in deep space that there is a significant number of humanoid races that have developed a technology allowing interstellar journeys and that visit us on Earth, without establishing a real first contact. The probability of life in space does not necessarily imply many regular extraterrestrial visits to the Earth. Some of the skeptics, called moderate, do not categorically reject the HET, but simply refuse to rule on unexplained cases.
Several points challenge the extraterrestrial hypothesis as a rational explanation of the UFO phenomenon:
• The first is the absence of conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial visits to the Earth. The HET is essentially speculative because the elements in its favor are mainly anecdotal (testimonials, indices, etc.). It is not because it is possible that life exists in Deep Space that there is necessarily that visiting our planet. The two hypotheses are independent of each other: we must not make an unjustified logical shift from one to the other, or fallacious reasoning based on an "argument of ignorance". Scientifically, if we can not explain something, all we can conclude is that we do not know how to explain it. This is why we speak of extraterrestrial hypothesis and not extraterrestrial thesis.
• Modern physics and, in particular, Albert Einstein's theory of relativity prohibit any movement at a speed greater than the speed of light. In this context, any interstellar journey would be almost impossible, the least journey between two planetary systems can take several hundred years. Although for passengers traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, the relativistic effects would considerably reduce the duration of the journey.
• The Fermi paradox assumes that if there were extraterrestrial civilizations in abundance in space, one of them should have come to Earth even before the appearance of the human being. The absence of traces of such a visit leads Fermi to ask "Where are they? ". The various hypotheses invoked to refute this paradox are considered speculative by skeptics because they are not based on concrete observations, such as those sought in vain by the SETI program until today. According to them, the paradox holds until proven otherwise. If extraterrestrial civilizations abounded in space (a Star Trek universe), one should literally collapse under conclusive evidence. We should have extraterrestrial artifacts on the Earth from many visits, we should have aliens obviously present (First Contact) among us, since the dawn of human civilization. This paradox is a paradox only because it excludes the UFO phenomenon as a visible manifestation of extraterrestrial civilizations and that it supposes that one should collapse under the evidence and artifacts. Now an interstellar journey requires, if it is possible, a technological mastery very much ahead of ours and one can suppose that it is unusual, so not so frequent as supposed. More generally, the absence of proof can not be considered as proof of absence.
• Ball Zoo's hypothesis is at first very speculative and does not rest on any concrete fact. It can also be considered as quite anthropomorphic, attributing to extraterrestrials ultimately human intentions. It is an ad hoc hypothesis used to preserve a vision of the universe where civilizations abound, and this despite the absence of empirical elements going in this direction. Moreover, if there were many extraterrestrial civilizations advanced and able to come into contact with us, as Drake's equation might lead us to believe, it seems rather unlikely that all of them would strictly respect this rule of non-interference, and the probability that a civilization will transgress it and manifest itself to us is great. Finally, even if this rule were respected at the level of a civilization, the probability that an individual or a group of individuals knowingly transgress it is great. Similarly, it could not prevent the visit of stray individuals.
• The sometimes absurd, even absurd behavior of UFOs or their so-called occupants formally contradicts the classic pattern of explorers who came to scientifically study an unknown world. Ufologists argue against this type of reasoning that the classical patterns invoked by skeptics are predictive models whose universal validity remains to be demonstrated.
Elements in favor of the HET
• The history of ufology is full of stories and testimonies of encounters with beings presented as extraterrestrial in nature. According to the terminology of the astronomer J. Allen Hynek, a close encounter of the third type or RR3 is the fact of the meeting by direct witnesses of beings who do not come from our planet, in connection with an observation of UFO. Although they are only testimonials, these meetings sometimes leave traces as at Valensole in 1965 in the field of Maurice Masse.
• An interesting RR3 took place on September 16, 1994 with children from a school in Ruwa, Zimbabwe. The quality of the testimonies and their concordance prompted psychiatrist John E. Mack to describe their story as highly probable. On the same day, at the same time, in the city of Metepec in Mexico, Sara Cuevas observed UFOs with the identical description. A radar echo was retrieved at the Mexico City International Airport. The next night, the same witness filmed a luminous figure. The analysis of the video on May 25, 2008 revealed morphological characteristics that seemed to corroborate the description of the children of the Ruwa school.
• The HET also underlies the assumption of extraterrestrial human abduction for medical examinations and extraterrestrial implant injection. Some of these implants (16) were removed including by Dr. Roger K. Leir and eight of them were perfectly identical. They are in analysis in various laboratories.
Elements to the detriment of the HET
Since the 1960s for SETI and since 17 May 1999 for SETI @ home, no evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence has been established.
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